1. Expressing Purpose (التعبير عن الغاية والهدف)
يُعبّر عن الهدف في اللغة الإنجليزية عبر صيغتين رئيسيتين:
أ) روابط تتبع بالمصدر مباشرة (Infinitive: stem):
Rule: [to / in order to / so as to] + stem
- Customs officials bought modern scanners in order to detect forged banknotes.
- She worked hard so as to pass her Baccalaureate exam with high distinction.
⚠️ في حالة النفي (Negative Purpose): توضع كلمة
not قبل كلمة to:
• in order NOT to + stem
• so as NOT to + stem
Example: "He double-checked the numbers in order not to make any mathematical error."
ب) روابط تتبع بجملة كاملة وفعل ناقص (Purpose Clauses):
[so that / in order that] + Subject + [can / could / will / would] + stem
- في الحاضر (Present): نستخدم can أو will:
- "Governments establish transparent laws so that businesses can operate fairly."
- في الماضي (Past): نستخدم could أو would:
- "Security forces guarded the border so that smugglers could not cross."
2. Expressing Concession & Contrast (التعبير عن التناقض والتعارض)
التناقض يعني حدوث نتيجة غير متوقعة تنافي السبب المذكور:
أ) أدوات تتبع بجملة فعلية كاملة (Subject + Verb):
Rule: [Although / Even though / Though] + Subject + Verb
- Although fake products are cheap, their material quality is very inferior.
- He applied for the difficult exam even though competition was extremely fierce.
ب) أدوات تتبع باسم أو مصدر فعلي (Noun Phrase / Gerund):
Rule: [In spite of / Despite] + Noun Phrase / Verb-ing
- Despite the heavy rain, archaeologists continued excavating the Roman ruins.
- In spite of working around the clock, they missed the strict project deadline.
💡 حيلة الامتحان: يمكنك استخدام جملة كاملة بعد Despite أو In spite of بإضافة
the fact that:
"Despite the fact that he was tired, he finished all his homework."
ج) روابط التعارض بين جملتين مستقلتين:
- However, / Nevertheless, / Yet, / On the other hand,
- "Counterfeit items generate fast profit. However, they ruin the national economy in the long run."